Business Failures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Failures - Essay Example This does not necessarily means that the organization needs to keep the money locked up in bank or in hand. Instead the organization should invest the money in assets and investment options that can be easily converted into case when required. For example the company can invest the money in a bank’s saving account to earn returns on this amount of money (Whittington, 2012, p.631). Another issue that organization may fail in relation to financial management is overestimation and underestimation of budgeted revenues as well as expenses that the business may incur in future. In order to ensure that the company continues to operate successfully and the company has the required financial resources to pay off its loan, the company should indulge in underestimation of the sales of the company (Etzel, 2007, p.175). In order to estimate the sales the company can conduct interviews with the customers regarding their intention to purchase the goods and services and how often they may do so (Jenster, 2009,

Consumer's Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Responsible Tourism Literature review

Consumer's Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Responsible Tourism - Literature review Example An analysis will also be conducted into the opinions of tourism consumers in general to understand how the market has grown and is in a continual state of flux. The final section will cover how the market could be improved by identifying problems with the current responsible tourism market. This will help to paint a rich picture of how the consumer regards responsible tourism to allow providers to better understand their market and their customer. The Characteristics of a Responsible Tourist As responsible tourism encompasses a wide-range of tourist destinations beyond what is commonly perceived as eco-tourism, there are a wide variety of characteristics that can be said to be common to the responsible tourist. A responsible tourist will have to have some awareness of the sustainable nature of their holiday, whether that be on an economic or environmental level (Andereck, 2009). Recent studies have shown that 77% of consumers believe that tourism should have some focus on the environ mental level (Miller, 2003), meaning that the majority of tourists could be classified in this way. However, it should be stressed that this figure represents the intentions of the consumer rather than their actions, and there is a conceivable difference between the two (Miller, 2003). Those who have intentions of being a responsible tourist can, therefore, be said to represent the majority of the tourism industry but it is perhaps easier to classify the characteristics of the actual responsible tourist. These individuals are generally those who are ethical consumers in other areas of their life, with a great focus on the environmental impact of their purchases (Andereck, 2009). These people tend to be young adults with a significant amount of disposable income, with those interested being happier to spend more money to receive a socially responsible product (Miller, 2003). These individuals are generally more likely to be concerned with a number of factors that can be affected by t ourism, and seek a ‘guilt-free’ holiday (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2003). Many of these individuals have, or wish to, partake in a holiday in which they can get directly involved in the responsible tourism, rather than simply choosing hotels or airlines that behave responsibly (Pizan & Mansfeld, 2000). This can involve getting involved in projects in the third-world, or tree-planting initiatives. Perceptions and Attitudes of the Consumer towards Responsible Tourism The perceptions and attitudes of the consumer have changed in recent years from being considered an unnecessary expense to something worth spending money on (Reisinger & Turner, 2003). The perceptions of this type of tourism are now generally positive, with many consumers considering the impact of their tourism on the place that they stay and the environment in general (Miller et al, 2010). Many people now have concerns about consumerism, and the tourism industry is wise to offer this option as a solution. It shou ld be noted that some still consider that responsible tourism has not come far enough, with optional extras such as postcards and food purchases not being as extensively covered by the notion of responsible tourism as other areas (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2003). Others suggest that responsible

Consumer Decision Process of Nike

Consumer Decision Process of Nike In this century, customers are the potential buyer of products. Most of the companies are focusing on improving the relationship between with customers. The result shows that improving the relationship between companies and customers can retaining customers loyalty and attracting new customers, this relationship is importance to most businesses. If a company having good relationship with customer they understand customer needs and wants and to satisfy the customers. Example: Nike Company have provide good customer services, when customer facing problem of Nike product customer can send e-mail with question relating to purchases and Nike Company will solve the problem within 1 working day or contact to Nike Company telephone lines of customer service to get the solution. Customer can log in Nike website to check the latest Nike products, make ordering, shipping and returns. Customers can solve the problem easily by send e-mail or calling and without going any outlet customers can buy their products through Nike website. COMPANY BACKGROUND Nowadays, Nike Inc is the world largest markets of athletic shoe and apparel, also the world leading company of supplier athletic footwear, accessories, sportswear, and main manufacturer of sports equipments. Nike is worldwide brand and the products that sold in about 110 countries, Nike Company had more than 30,000 employees around the world. In 1962, Philip Knight was track athlete of middle-distance runner team member as an undergraduate at University of Oregon. Philip Knight travelling to Japan communicates with Onitsuka Tiger to import some athletic shoes to United States; Philip Knight believed that Japanese athletic shoes would break the German athletic shoes dominance in United States with Japanese product. In 1964, Philip Knight partnership with Bill Bowerman was track coach at University of Oregon. Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight was the founder of Nike, at the time Nike originated known as Blue Ribbon Sports. In 1968, Bowerman had worked long time to designs and modified of prototype Blue Ribbon Sports, his designed shoe was successful which known the shoe as Cortez. In 1972, Blue Ribbon Sports was manufacturing the products overseas by their own line by themselves and import to United States. At the same time, the company introduced the new symbols with Swoosh trademark and the brand name Nike it mean the Greek goddess of victory. In 1978 Blue Ribbon Sports had rename the company name to Nike Inc. In 1988, Dan Wieden who created the slogan called Just Do It for 1988 ad campaign and nowadays this slogan had became the recognized trademarks. In 1999, Nike had begun selling athletic shoes and other products by used e-commerce and directly selling products to consumer through company website. CONSUMER DECISION PROCESS The consumer decision process (CDP) model is important for making marketing decision; CDP is the stage of consumer goes through before, during, and after buying the product or service in decision making processes. In first stage of CDP starts with need recognition, the buyers understand what their problem or need in between current motivation state and desired motivation state. For example, I saw a commercial for brand new series pair of Nike shoe, to stimulate me that I need a new Nike shoe. Customer may need to pass through the stage step by step in every purchase. However, in daily purchase customer can skip the stage of information search and evaluation straight to purchase decision. For example, I feeling hungry need to buy food and I straight forward to make purchase decision to buy my favourite food McDonald. The next stage of CDP is information search; under information search consumers can search information according to internal or external sources of information. Internal sources of information are the information retrieved knowledge from memory and the information may be based on a person past experience, past conversation, or articles read previously. External sources of information can get from environment can be the new sources of information and include friends, family, salesperson, advertisements, brochures, websites, and media article. The marketers will identify which target markets of information sources are most influential, the impact of these sources of information will depend on the products and customers. For example, I want to buy new pair of shoe and before I buy I will take advice from my friends of their experience on different brands of shoe and search information about the company brand product quality. The third stage of CDP model is evaluation of alternatives, which the consumer evaluation alternative bounds in the choice set by using information. Evaluation is an important determinant of the degree is whether the customers feel involved in the product. By involvement, that means the extent of perceived relevance and importance that accompanies with the own choice. The involvement had categories into low-involvement purchases and high involvement purchases. Low-involvement purchases mean have simple and low expenses in evaluation process. For example, buying soft drink and food in the supermarket is under low-involvement purchases. High involvement purchases are usually branded goods and involve in high expenses or personal risk. For example, doing business, making investment, buying house and car are under high-involvement purchases. Nike shoe is categorising in high-involvement purchases because is branded goods and comparing with other brands Nike much more expensive than usual ly brands. The fourth stage of CDP model is purchase, the stage that consumer actually buy the product. For example, after I read the advertisement Nike shoe, I consider buy the Nike shoe to satisfying my need or want. The buying decision may take place immediately or in few weeks later. The seller may need to attributes the product by compared with the competition with own advantages and giving trial or sampling of the product hope the sale increasing. The final stage of CDP model is post-purchase evaluation, after customers buy the product and used, the customers will compares it with expectation on their past experience either the product is satisfied or not. The cognitive dissonance concept will commonly occur when the customers experience concerns after making purchase decision. Cognitive dissonance mean the customers buy new product is preferable than the product is using and customers may not repurchase the product is using or switching other brands. For example, before I bought Nike shoe I was wearing Bata shoe, I feel like Nike shoe is more comfortable and good quality so I may not repurchase Bata shoe and changing the mind to purchase Nike shoe. To manage the experience success is the job of the marketers to persuade the potential customers to purchase the product will satisfy their needs, for the customers that purchased the product should be encouraged that their decision making is right to repurchase the product and avo id them changing their mind to choose other product. For example, I had bought Nike shoe and wearing it, I feel that Nike shoe giving more comfortable and good quality than other shoe. In future purchase decision I will repurchase the Nike shoe because it satisfies my needs. Psychological core The process of perception, motivation, learning and attitude is under the internal process of psychological core. Perception There are three stages in the process of perception starts with consumer exposure and attention to stimulus the consumer to interpretation. Exposure and attention are state as highly selective mean that consumer only can use small section of the available information. Perception process which we attach meaning to the surrounding world, how consumer affect by the five senses (sight, sound, touch, smell and taste). The first stage, exposure is the extent to people aware stimuli that within range of their sensory receptors. For example, (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers) such common stimuli as sound, colour and smell. Second stage of perception process is attention, attention happen when the stimulus activates the receptor nerves and send the result of sensations go to the brain for processing. For example, Nike has created visual identity with their ads through television, newspaper and to captures consumer attention. The final stage of perception process is interpretation, interpretation mean that people assign to sensory stimuli. Two people doing the same event but their interpretation maybe different with each other. For example, a glass filled with half water, person A say the glass was half full and person B say the was glass half empty. Learning and Memory Learning can defined as relatively permanent change in organization of long-term memory or experienced behaviour or in the content and is the result of information processing. There are two categories memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). STM is known as working memory, STM only store information for limited period of time and its capacity limited, to prevent short lived memory must always repeating the information though maintenance rehearsal. For example, to remember the presentation speech in capacity limited I must constantly repeat the speech again and again to prevent the memory in short lived. LTM is allow to store the information for permanently and its unlimited capacity. LTM consist into two type of memory there are semantic memory and episodic memory. Semantic memory refers to the person feeling and knowledge of the concept. Episodic memory is related to the sequence of event that is personally relevant. For example, a young child who has almost drowns and causes the child phobia to the water even when the child grown up. There are two situations in learning and memory which are high and low-involvement learning. The situation of high-involvement learning is motivated to process or learn the data by consumer, and low-involvement which the consumer has little or no motivation to the process or learn in data. Normally consumers learning happen in relatively low involvement contexts. The way of communication should be structured by the customer to expect what they have from different depending on the level of involvement. Motivation There are two motivation theories which are Maslows Hierarchy of needs and McGuires psychological motives. The theory of Maslow has 5 basic motives which general terms and not useful in marketing. McGuire theory is fairly detailed set of motives for specific aspects and developed a classification these theories into 16 categories. Attitude An attitude is define as long-lasting organization of motivation, emotional, perception, and cognitive processes with the learned predisposition to express that person like or dislike to an item and also the way one think, feels, and acts to some aspect of our environment. Attitudes serve four key function for individuals which are knowledge function, value-expressive function, utilitarian function, and ego-defensive function. Knowledge function is the result of need for order, structure or meaning that formed by attitudes. This need is often present when a person is in an ambiguous situation or is confronted with a new product. Value-expressive function attitudes are perform a value-expressive function express the individual central values and self-concept. For example, people who protection the environment they will recycle, reuse, save energy and purchase green product. Utilitarian function is concern to the common principles of punishment or reward. We develop some of our attitudes for these products offer pleasure or pain. For example, A person like to drink Vanilla Coke the person will have the positive attitude for the Vanilla Coke. Ego-defensive function means the attitudes of people that are formed to protect them-self either in internal feeling or external threats. For example, products like Marlboro cigarettes promise to help to man build macho image will attract the consumers who are interest of masculinity. The attitude has three components which are affect, behaviour and cognitive and known as ABC model of attitudes. Affective component consists of the consumer emotion or feeling about specific product or a brand. For example, a man is in sad mood when he see his favourites food, he not interest it. Behaviour component consists of the consumer undertake specific behaviour or action on the attitude object by the consumer tendency or response, and refer the actual action or the intention to buy the particular products. Cognitive component consists of the consumer beliefs about particular product, and expecting form of belief in the future. For example, lower price product mean lower quality. Consumer Environment Culture Nowadays, in the culture most people are concern about their health so those people are preferred to do exercise. Doing exercise they needed exercise accessories and requiring having good quality and comfortable shoes to wear and prefer to Nike products. Subculture http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Nike-Company-History/171750 http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/17404.html http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/NIKE-Inc-Company-History.html http://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html http://html.rincondelvago.com/consumer-decision-process.html http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_decision_process.asp http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=OIC2801 http://www.sykronix.com/tsoc/courses/cb/cb_cog.htm BB Chapter Nine : Learning and Memory from BBAdvisor (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })()

Brisbane: Impacts of Water Management Strategies Essay -- Brisbane Pop

1. Introduction The Queensland region recently suffered its worst drought in over a century. This period was shared with a rapid increase in the city’s population. A combination of severe drought and a rapid increase in population had a permanent impact on the city’s water management strategy. Brisbane population is expected to reach 4.5 million by 2050. This report aims to look at how the relationship between Brisbane’s water resources and population growth have effected society, the economy and the environment. It will briefly look at the growth rate of Brisbane’s population how this subsequently affected the city’s ability to meet challenges in water demand. The report will critically analyse the State Government five water management strategies. It will explore whether the strategies are environmentally sustainable in the growing population. It will aim to determine whether the strategies effective in protecting the state’s biophysical resource. The report will critically evaluate the current and potential impacts of water management strategies to the biophysical resource base. 2. Population growth and water supply The population growth of Brisbane has widely been viewed mark of economic prosperity (Wasimi, 2010). The Australian Labor government national policy encouraged population growth by giving financial incentives for people to have more children and encouraging migration (Lowe, 2010). However, the growth affected the city’s capacity to cope with growing demand for water. Brisbane’s water consumption is divided into ‘direct’ such as household water and ‘indirect’ such as commercial use (Rutherford and Finlayson, 2011). Brisbane’s water consumption growing rapidly due to the urban affluent lifestyle such ... ... (1), p437–447. Rutherfurd, I and Finlayson, B (2011) 'Whither Australia: Will Availability of Water Constrain the Growth of Australia’s Population?', Geographical Research , 49(3), pp. p301–316. Spearritt, R. (2009). THE 200 KM CITY: BRISBANE, THE GOLD COAST, AND SUNSHINE COAST. Australian Economic History Review. 49 (1), p87-106. Tam. V, Tamb. L and S.X. Zengc. (2009). Cost effectiveness and tradeoff on the use of rainwater tank: An empirical study in Australian residential decision-making. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 54 (1), p178-186. The Water & Carbon Group Pty Ltd. (2013). Sewage Treatment. Available: http://www.waterandcarbon.com.au/services/sewage-treatment. Last accessed 6th April 2014. Wasimi, S 2010, 'Planning for a large dam project: the case of Traveston Crossing Dam', Water Resources Management, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2991-3015.

My Favorite Place Essay

Through my life, I have had a few favorite places, but my overall favorite place is sitting in my front yard. A favorite place to me one that you can enjoy and relax, where you are at peace. This essay is about my favorite place, as I will tell you why it is. Sitting in my front yard, I watched my kids and grandkids play running around, swimming in the pool, and riding their bikes. My front yard has seen a lot through the years. I have a lot of great memories, and plan to make a lot more in the future. It is a place we had barbeques, parties, and other events. My front yard I can sit and enjoy the smell of fresh cut grass, kids playing and just relax. Our kids and grandkids all have played and left their mark in it, we all have. It was the place my kids and grandkids had their first skinned knees, they learned to ride a bike had their first cookout. Some of the memories I have of sitting in my front yard are birthday parties, my youngest daughter’s wedding, and the Fourth of July fireworks. All my kids and grandkids love to come to our house and play in the yard. We love to have them over; they are there about every weekend and more during the summer. Every Fourth of July when I am home, I set of firework for the family. I try to make it a big event we cook out, swim, and enjoy each other’s company. The kids and grandkids have a blast; we try to plan many things for them to do for the whole weekend. Most of the things have to deal with being outside in the yard. We had our daughter’s wedding in our front yard. It was a beautiful ceremony; we had what you would call a garden wedding. The weather was great, sunny skies and in the 70’s, a great day for a wedding. We had the chairs setup for the guests and the flowers arranged nicely. With everything setup I met my daughter at my front door and walked her down the isle to the alter to give her away. The ceremony was great everything went off without a hitch. In conclusion, my favorite place is a place is my front yard where I can relax and enjoy life with my wife, kids, and grandkids. It has great memories for me my wife and kids. Its where we all get together to talk, and enjoy each other’s company.

Les miserables: character analysis

Jean ValjeanJean Valjean is a central character of Les Miserables. His story is that of misery, pain, and injustice. Valjean is an epitome of change. He makes transitions from one kind of man to another, as dictated by his drastic experiences in life. Valjean’s life is a story of how an honest and good man can be hardened by society in general, and prison in particular.Because of Valjean’s unfortunate experience in prison, he hardens into a criminal and a social outcast. This transformation in Valjean’s life is a recognition of the observed truth and pattern of human behavior, wherein man changes, either for better or for worse, as a result of external forces such as society. The most important part of Valjean’s personality is his resilience and positive attitude towards life and change in general. He accepts the positive effect of other people in his life, and learns to love and care for such people.Ultimately, however, the good character of Valjean surfa ces, and even the bishop realizes that, as shown by this passage:â€Å"The bishop approached him and said, in a low voice, ‘Do not forget, ever, that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   you have promised me to use this silver to become an honest man.' Jean    Valjean, who had no recollection of any such promise, stood dumbfounded. The   Ã‚   bishop had stressed these words as he spoke them. He continued solemnly,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Jean Valjean, my brother, you no longer belong to evil, but to good. It is your soul I am buying for you. I withdraw it from dark thoughts and from the spirit of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   perdition, and I give it to God!†FantineFantine is one of the characters in Les Miserables who lived the less appealing life. She had been deprived of good opportunities since her childhood, such as education and care. Thus, she grew up to be an uneducated girl whom everyone else found easy to victimize.Fantine can easily be categori zed as a victim of society, since she had been deprived of education without her fault, and yet society readily found her corrupt and unfit for fruitful activity and relationships. A lot of people took advantage of her lack of knowledge, education and experience, and thereafter left her out in the cold. Fantine’s character is a perfect illustration of the bigotry in human society and the story of her life is but a perfect example of the way injustice ruins lives.Brought by her experiences, Fantine learned to have a different view of morality, as expressed in her statement, â€Å"[T]he guilty one is not he who commits the sin, but the one who causes the darkness.†CosetteThe character of Cosette is in many respects similar to that of Valjean, an effect largely influenced by the latter’s taking charge over her education and upbringing. Thus, like Valjean, Cosette exhibits her kindheartedness and morality through her actions, thereby manifesting that her initial exp erience with the cruel Thà ©nardiers did not corrupt her character. Cosette, at one point in the story, said, â€Å"[W]e bow to the man who kneels. A faith is necessary to man. Woe to him who believes in nothing.† Such a statement reflects her belief about man, and shows how pure Cosette’s character has remained.Fortunately for Cosette, she had not been exposed to the kind of cruelty and hardship that Valjean went through, although she expressed resentment over Valjean’s overprotective stance. When viewed as a whole, Cosette’s character does not provide a lot of conflict, she being one of the lucky personalities in the story.

Free Essays on The Roots And Reason Of Fascism

What exactly is fascism? Where did it come from? What on earth is it good for? Nowadays, fascism is most popularly associated with Mussolini’s Italy between the years 1922 to 1943, and Hitler’s Nazi Germany between the years 1933 to 1945. However, making Nazism synonymous with fascism would be a mistake: fascism has spawned into many forms, and although they share similar features, different nations have customized fascism to a point of significant differentiation. Between 1922 and 1945, fascist parties arose throughout the world. They included the Fatherland Front, led by Engelbert Dollfuss in Austria, the Falange founded by Jose Antonio Primo in Spain, the Cross of Fire, renamed the French Social Party led by Colonel Francois de La Rocque, the Gentile National Socialist Movement and the South Africa Fascists, both in South Africa, the Ku Klux Klan in the United States, and the military dictatorship of Admiral Tojo Hideki in Japan (RoSo, 2002). Even Mussoliniâ₠¬â„¢s and Hitler’s fascist states - allied Axis forces in World War II – were far from identical. Up to and including the year 2002 fascist states and groups continue to exist all over the world. This makes fascism all the more intriguing to study, as unlike Communism, for example, it has no distinct author of one ideological abstraction. There was no Karl Marx of fascism, who exported his theories worldwide. Instead, fascism seems to be a condition that states let themselves fall into, and then upon which they fervently cling. Fascism grows up from out of the ground and is incubated in each nation individually: consequently, the ingredients are the same but the flavor is unique. This phenomenon occurs because fascism, for as long as it has been known, is rightly considered an ideology of negatives. For example, it is vehemently anti-Marxist, anti-democratic, and anti-liberal. This makes it difficult to define what exactly is â€Å"pure† fascism. Its origins hav... Free Essays on The Roots And Reason Of Fascism Free Essays on The Roots And Reason Of Fascism What exactly is fascism? Where did it come from? What on earth is it good for? Nowadays, fascism is most popularly associated with Mussolini’s Italy between the years 1922 to 1943, and Hitler’s Nazi Germany between the years 1933 to 1945. However, making Nazism synonymous with fascism would be a mistake: fascism has spawned into many forms, and although they share similar features, different nations have customized fascism to a point of significant differentiation. Between 1922 and 1945, fascist parties arose throughout the world. They included the Fatherland Front, led by Engelbert Dollfuss in Austria, the Falange founded by Jose Antonio Primo in Spain, the Cross of Fire, renamed the French Social Party led by Colonel Francois de La Rocque, the Gentile National Socialist Movement and the South Africa Fascists, both in South Africa, the Ku Klux Klan in the United States, and the military dictatorship of Admiral Tojo Hideki in Japan (RoSo, 2002). Even Mussoliniâ₠¬â„¢s and Hitler’s fascist states - allied Axis forces in World War II – were far from identical. Up to and including the year 2002 fascist states and groups continue to exist all over the world. This makes fascism all the more intriguing to study, as unlike Communism, for example, it has no distinct author of one ideological abstraction. There was no Karl Marx of fascism, who exported his theories worldwide. Instead, fascism seems to be a condition that states let themselves fall into, and then upon which they fervently cling. Fascism grows up from out of the ground and is incubated in each nation individually: consequently, the ingredients are the same but the flavor is unique. This phenomenon occurs because fascism, for as long as it has been known, is rightly considered an ideology of negatives. For example, it is vehemently anti-Marxist, anti-democratic, and anti-liberal. This makes it difficult to define what exactly is â€Å"pure† fascism. Its origins hav...

Free Essays on Mona Lisa

For this art essay I decided to learn and critique on an artist by the name of Leonardo da Vinci. I chose him because I didn’t know that much about him and wanted to know why he is so admired and famous? Did he become famous before or after he died? What makes Leonardo unique compared to other artists? I also wanted to learn more about the Mona Lisa. Why is it such famous and valuable painting for just being a picture of a lady? Is the Mona Lisa the Leonardo’s only famous painting? All of these questions I hoped to be able to answer. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 and died in 1519. Painting and being an artist is in the da Vinci genes. When Leonardo was just fifteen years old his artistic career had begun. He was an apprentice for a famous artist by the name of Verrochio. While working for Verrochio he did little things in the background of paintings and eventually became an even better painter than Verrochio. From here he became famous in his early twenties. He wasn’t only a painter, but also an inventor. Inventing things like flying machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, canals and architecture. Leonardo da Vinci liked to use two main types of techniques in his paintings; sfumato and chiaroscuro. Sfumato is a technique that artists use to make smoky overall haze effect to a painting using a lightly tainted varnish. Leonardo da Vinci liked to use this technique because dusk was his most favorite time of the day and during dusk usually came fog. The other technique he liked to use was chiaroscuro. Chiaroscuro is a technique that an artist uses to define an object through contrast of light and shadowing. He liked to use this technique because it made a picture look more realistic and lifelike. Leonardo da Vinci was the first artist to study the human anatomy. This in return he would use in his paintings to give proportion body parts on human figures. Over Leonardo’s lifetime he did man... Free Essays on Mona Lisa Free Essays on Mona Lisa For this art essay I decided to learn and critique on an artist by the name of Leonardo da Vinci. I chose him because I didn’t know that much about him and wanted to know why he is so admired and famous? Did he become famous before or after he died? What makes Leonardo unique compared to other artists? I also wanted to learn more about the Mona Lisa. Why is it such famous and valuable painting for just being a picture of a lady? Is the Mona Lisa the Leonardo’s only famous painting? All of these questions I hoped to be able to answer. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 and died in 1519. Painting and being an artist is in the da Vinci genes. When Leonardo was just fifteen years old his artistic career had begun. He was an apprentice for a famous artist by the name of Verrochio. While working for Verrochio he did little things in the background of paintings and eventually became an even better painter than Verrochio. From here he became famous in his early twenties. He wasn’t only a painter, but also an inventor. Inventing things like flying machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, canals and architecture. Leonardo da Vinci liked to use two main types of techniques in his paintings; sfumato and chiaroscuro. Sfumato is a technique that artists use to make smoky overall haze effect to a painting using a lightly tainted varnish. Leonardo da Vinci liked to use this technique because dusk was his most favorite time of the day and during dusk usually came fog. The other technique he liked to use was chiaroscuro. Chiaroscuro is a technique that an artist uses to define an object through contrast of light and shadowing. He liked to use this technique because it made a picture look more realistic and lifelike. Leonardo da Vinci was the first artist to study the human anatomy. This in return he would use in his paintings to give proportion body parts on human figures. Over Leonardo’s lifetime he did man...

Bioethics of Euthanasia

Therefore, the family is also an institution which generates the same attachment to objectivity that encourages a certain set of goals. Ultimately though, it is one’s subjective experience that has it’s own social, physical, mental, and spiritual habits and attachments that cause the mind and body to perform and exist in a particular way. The overarching illegality of euthanasia across North America is supported by religious institutions which act as the sole moral platform for questioning the professional conduct of medical practitioners. The hegemonic belief that is fostered views euthanasia as a breach of non-maleficence, though doctors have and will likely continue to comply with life-ending aid in North America, regardless of recent deliberation regarding legislation. A legalization of euthanasia could ease tensions for physicians and patients dealing with chronic fatal health conditions, but would require specific criteria for legality. The debilitating suffering from a terminal illness should be the first criteria, as well as an autonomous request made by the sufficiently competent patient. Those who advocate for the legalization of euthanasia are part of a particular morality that sees beyond the mystical value of medical non-maleficence and opposes overarching institutional moralities that forbid life-ending decisions. Also of concern is the slippery slope argument, whereby any level of legal euthanasia would likely incite requests for more flexible criteria, publicly bringing into question the intangible value of human life. A central notion of biomedical ethics that stands as a major contender against the legalization of euthanasia is non-maleficence. To generally adhere to the principles of non-maleficence, physicians should not provide ineffective treatments to patients as these offer risk with no possibility of benefit and thus have a chance of harming patients. In addition, physicians must not do anything that would purposely harm patients without the action being balanced by proportional benefit (Beauchamp, 155). This benefit is not necessarily beneficial to the terminally ill individual who has requested euthanasia. The benefit referred to in the medical field is generally an extension of life and a restoration of health, which is not a reality for the terminally ill, rather a benefit might be an end to incurable suffering. Because many medications, procedures, and interventions cause harm in addition to benefit, the principle of non-maleficence provides little concrete guidance in the care of patients, and acts as a fairly weak argument against euthanasia. A helpful distinction when debating the validity of physician assisted suicide is that of ‘killing’ and ‘allowing to die’. If a patient is too frail to undergo restorative treatment, it can be said that the withholding of that treatment is allowing the patient to die. On the other hand, ‘killing’ entails taking action that would hasten the onset of death. There is considerable overlap between these two concepts, to the point that a clear distinction is not readily discernible (Beauchamp, 172). The prima facie nature of allowing a patient to die, as expressed by Beauchamp is acceptable under certain conditions whereby a medical technology is considered futile, or ineffectual, or a patient and/or surrogate decision maker has validly denied a medical technology (173). In the case that a patient is suffering unnecessarily, and has denied or been denied the opportunity for treatment due to severity of illness, should euthanasia not be an acceptable option? This action would undoubtedly fall under the category of ‘killing’, but if the nearest solution is the imminent death of a terminally ill patient, the concept of non-maleficence should not apply to a deliberate hastening of the patients’ biological shutdown. It can also be argued that fading to death in palliative care with little to no cognition is of little value, and coming from a strictly utilitarian perspective, in some cases, may be unnecessary. If an elderly patient has no immediate family, and is in the final stages of a degenerative disease, the option of the patient to deny extended care and hasten the imminence of death should ot be considered immoral. The approval of certain cases such as the example above would definitely introduce a ‘slippery slope’ argument whereby the notions and parameters of conducting euthanasia would be challenged, inflated, and publicly scorned. The infamous example of Dr. Kevorkian is indicative of the demand for physican-assisted suicide, and the flexible moralities of perhaps many physicians who are faced with the challenge of allowing a patient to pursue a hastened death. Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian was convicted of second-degree murder for delivering a lethal injection to a 52-year-old man suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease. It was the first time in five trials that Kevorkian was found guilty of a crime after participating in, by his count, at least 130 assisted suicides. Likened to â€Å"a medical hit man† by the prosecution, Kevorkian compared himself to Martin Luther King and told the court he was no more culpable than an executioner. The 70-year-old doctor had dared prosecutors to charge him and threatened a hunger strike if convicted. â€Å"Suicide†). The case of Kevorkian’s assisted suicides shows that public hegemonic belief places all burden on the physician involved, for it is technically legal to carry out or attempt suicide, but not with the aid of any other person, especially a clinician. These laws tend to make sense in every realm except the medical world, where euthanasia is an issue that arises with the terminally ill, and particular moralities strongly advocate for the right to die under certain circumstances, as illustrated by Kevorkian’s rash threats of a hunger strike if convicted. Obviously viewing himself as a liberator, Kevorkian’s particular morality quickly earned him a reputation, and having participated in over one hundred assisted suicides, he stands not as a reputable opposition to hegemony, but rather a moral pariah. Kevorkian’s comparison of his ‘moral fallacy’ with the conduct of an executioner is an interesting philosophical idea, and also illustrates the exclusivity of moral professionalism within the medical world. This is mostly apparent in the United States where there is a domination of privatized health care, and plenty of capital punishment. The application of morality is varied when it comes to death and dying, in a society where a 20 year old can be put to death for committing murder, and in the same society, a terminally ill, suffering patient cannot decidedly seek a peaceful death without moral intervention. In both cases, strong moral impositions are made, and guide the fate of both individuals. The convict has a chance at rehabilitation, and renewing his moral adherence and contribution to society, but is not rewarded the chance because his actions stripped him of his dignity. On the other hand, the dying patient is not permitted to seek assistance in death because common morality forbids it, much like the same common morality denies the convict a second chance. The patient is denied euthanasia because the hegemonic function of the medical field is to avoid non-maleficence, so according to the same morality, the criminal is denied rehabilitation and put to death because the function of the law is to appropriately punish offenders. This paradox shows how two distinct versions of the same common morality are stamped like a ‘cookie cutter’, yielding the anticipated results of the societal function: the patient can’t die because medicine is designed to keep him alive, and the criminal can’t live because capital punishment is designed to eliminate him. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to suggest that the application of euthanasia in the medical field should be acceptable in certain circumstances, and that exclusive clinical moralities should allow deliberation on the subject, and not continue to function in a ‘cookie cutter’ fashion. In Canada and the United States, laws distinguishing ‘active’ and ‘passive’ categories of euthanasia are divided into four sections: â€Å"deliberately killing persons who wish to die or assisting them in suicide (active voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide), deliberately killing persons whose wishes are unknown or opposed to such treatment (active involuntary euthanasia), withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means from those who do not want them used (forgoing treatment of competent individuals), and letting persons die by withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means when their wishes are unknown or when they want, or would tolerate, such means to be applied or maintained (forgoing treatment of incompetent individuals)† (Dickens, 136). According to these legal parameters, it would seem that active and passive euthanasia should only occur when indicated by the patient, living will, or a surrogate, such as active voluntary euthanasia, an d the forgoing of treatment to competent individuals. These two forms provide the patient with the moral decision to adopt the institutional values of their choice and affect their course of longevity and suffering. In the cases of active involuntary euthanasia, and the withholding of treatment from incompetent patients it can be said that, morally, the physician has no right to change the course of the patient’s treatment without clearance from a living will or surrogate. To conduct active involuntary euthanasia, or withhold treatment for no apparent reason indicated by the patient or surrogate, negligence would necessarily apply and represent the justified fault of the attending physician. Dealing with death is a subjective experience that generates fear, and causes humans to seek comfort in institutional beliefs, whether that be family, religion, other forms of spirituality, or modern medicine itself. Death reminds humans of their biological capacities and fleeting opportunities for experience in life, and generates a desire to medicalize suicide. â€Å"We want physicians to provide the means to end life in an antiseptically acceptable fashion. Knives, guns, ropes, and bridges tend to be messy. We seek a more aesthetically pleasing way of terminating life, one that leaves the patient looking dead, but not disgusting. For this, as in so much else in the 20th-century quest for happiness, we turn to the physician† (Paris, 33). Much like we seek aesthetic modifications from plastic surgeons, and mental stability from psychologists, we turn again to professional doctors for a method of dealing with the harsh reality of death. Though euthanasia may be an acceptable option for some people in certain sets of dire circumstances, it is the fear of death generated by the triumphs of medicine that provide the illusion that death and suffering are something a physician can cure. Medicinal miracles and the rise of technological medicine give people the impression that old losses are new triumphs, at least insofar as one can be kept alive for longer with chronic diseases. This notion sparks the fear of suffering before death, and that morbidity will be extended instead of compressed. Essentially then, it is the physician who bears all weight of the laws pertaining to euthanasia, which seems unjust when there is little more that medicine can do for a terminally ill patient than aid in their peaceful departure from life. The argument that legalized euthanasia would initiate the slippery slope, and â€Å"hospitals would become cruel and dehumanized places† are refuted by the suggestion and observation of the exact opposite (Schafer). As Schafer suggests, â€Å"experience has shown that what happened was exactly the opposite of what was predicted by the naysayers: Doctors and hospitals have become kinder and gentler, patients’ wishes are better respected than previously and society has come to accept the importance of individual autonomy at the end of life† (3). Clearly, the legalization of euthanasia would not entirely disrupt the nature of medical care in Canada, and with current debates indicating the possibility of change, society may undergo a change of ideas in the near future. The idea that euthanasia may provide a patient with more dignity at death than what is often referred to as ‘sedation to unconsciousness’ is becoming more common, and should not be deemed unacceptable next to palliative care. With the right safeguards in place, euthanasia should be one of many life-ending options available to Canadians near the end of their life, with palliative care being a morally adjacent decision. The subjective experience of death is one’s own, and even familial institution can only do so much to comfort the process of being terminally ill. Therefore it should be a decision of the patient to seek medical help, either in the form of sedation and longevity, or immediate peace. Bioethics of Euthanasia Therefore, the family is also an institution which generates the same attachment to objectivity that encourages a certain set of goals. Ultimately though, it is one’s subjective experience that has it’s own social, physical, mental, and spiritual habits and attachments that cause the mind and body to perform and exist in a particular way. The overarching illegality of euthanasia across North America is supported by religious institutions which act as the sole moral platform for questioning the professional conduct of medical practitioners. The hegemonic belief that is fostered views euthanasia as a breach of non-maleficence, though doctors have and will likely continue to comply with life-ending aid in North America, regardless of recent deliberation regarding legislation. A legalization of euthanasia could ease tensions for physicians and patients dealing with chronic fatal health conditions, but would require specific criteria for legality. The debilitating suffering from a terminal illness should be the first criteria, as well as an autonomous request made by the sufficiently competent patient. Those who advocate for the legalization of euthanasia are part of a particular morality that sees beyond the mystical value of medical non-maleficence and opposes overarching institutional moralities that forbid life-ending decisions. Also of concern is the slippery slope argument, whereby any level of legal euthanasia would likely incite requests for more flexible criteria, publicly bringing into question the intangible value of human life. A central notion of biomedical ethics that stands as a major contender against the legalization of euthanasia is non-maleficence. To generally adhere to the principles of non-maleficence, physicians should not provide ineffective treatments to patients as these offer risk with no possibility of benefit and thus have a chance of harming patients. In addition, physicians must not do anything that would purposely harm patients without the action being balanced by proportional benefit (Beauchamp, 155). This benefit is not necessarily beneficial to the terminally ill individual who has requested euthanasia. The benefit referred to in the medical field is generally an extension of life and a restoration of health, which is not a reality for the terminally ill, rather a benefit might be an end to incurable suffering. Because many medications, procedures, and interventions cause harm in addition to benefit, the principle of non-maleficence provides little concrete guidance in the care of patients, and acts as a fairly weak argument against euthanasia. A helpful distinction when debating the validity of physician assisted suicide is that of ‘killing’ and ‘allowing to die’. If a patient is too frail to undergo restorative treatment, it can be said that the withholding of that treatment is allowing the patient to die. On the other hand, ‘killing’ entails taking action that would hasten the onset of death. There is considerable overlap between these two concepts, to the point that a clear distinction is not readily discernible (Beauchamp, 172). The prima facie nature of allowing a patient to die, as expressed by Beauchamp is acceptable under certain conditions whereby a medical technology is considered futile, or ineffectual, or a patient and/or surrogate decision maker has validly denied a medical technology (173). In the case that a patient is suffering unnecessarily, and has denied or been denied the opportunity for treatment due to severity of illness, should euthanasia not be an acceptable option? This action would undoubtedly fall under the category of ‘killing’, but if the nearest solution is the imminent death of a terminally ill patient, the concept of non-maleficence should not apply to a deliberate hastening of the patients’ biological shutdown. It can also be argued that fading to death in palliative care with little to no cognition is of little value, and coming from a strictly utilitarian perspective, in some cases, may be unnecessary. If an elderly patient has no immediate family, and is in the final stages of a degenerative disease, the option of the patient to deny extended care and hasten the imminence of death should ot be considered immoral. The approval of certain cases such as the example above would definitely introduce a ‘slippery slope’ argument whereby the notions and parameters of conducting euthanasia would be challenged, inflated, and publicly scorned. The infamous example of Dr. Kevorkian is indicative of the demand for physican-assisted suicide, and the flexible moralities of perhaps many physicians who are faced with the challenge of allowing a patient to pursue a hastened death. Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian was convicted of second-degree murder for delivering a lethal injection to a 52-year-old man suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease. It was the first time in five trials that Kevorkian was found guilty of a crime after participating in, by his count, at least 130 assisted suicides. Likened to â€Å"a medical hit man† by the prosecution, Kevorkian compared himself to Martin Luther King and told the court he was no more culpable than an executioner. The 70-year-old doctor had dared prosecutors to charge him and threatened a hunger strike if convicted. â€Å"Suicide†). The case of Kevorkian’s assisted suicides shows that public hegemonic belief places all burden on the physician involved, for it is technically legal to carry out or attempt suicide, but not with the aid of any other person, especially a clinician. These laws tend to make sense in every realm except the medical world, where euthanasia is an issue that arises with the terminally ill, and particular moralities strongly advocate for the right to die under certain circumstances, as illustrated by Kevorkian’s rash threats of a hunger strike if convicted. Obviously viewing himself as a liberator, Kevorkian’s particular morality quickly earned him a reputation, and having participated in over one hundred assisted suicides, he stands not as a reputable opposition to hegemony, but rather a moral pariah. Kevorkian’s comparison of his ‘moral fallacy’ with the conduct of an executioner is an interesting philosophical idea, and also illustrates the exclusivity of moral professionalism within the medical world. This is mostly apparent in the United States where there is a domination of privatized health care, and plenty of capital punishment. The application of morality is varied when it comes to death and dying, in a society where a 20 year old can be put to death for committing murder, and in the same society, a terminally ill, suffering patient cannot decidedly seek a peaceful death without moral intervention. In both cases, strong moral impositions are made, and guide the fate of both individuals. The convict has a chance at rehabilitation, and renewing his moral adherence and contribution to society, but is not rewarded the chance because his actions stripped him of his dignity. On the other hand, the dying patient is not permitted to seek assistance in death because common morality forbids it, much like the same common morality denies the convict a second chance. The patient is denied euthanasia because the hegemonic function of the medical field is to avoid non-maleficence, so according to the same morality, the criminal is denied rehabilitation and put to death because the function of the law is to appropriately punish offenders. This paradox shows how two distinct versions of the same common morality are stamped like a ‘cookie cutter’, yielding the anticipated results of the societal function: the patient can’t die because medicine is designed to keep him alive, and the criminal can’t live because capital punishment is designed to eliminate him. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to suggest that the application of euthanasia in the medical field should be acceptable in certain circumstances, and that exclusive clinical moralities should allow deliberation on the subject, and not continue to function in a ‘cookie cutter’ fashion. In Canada and the United States, laws distinguishing ‘active’ and ‘passive’ categories of euthanasia are divided into four sections: â€Å"deliberately killing persons who wish to die or assisting them in suicide (active voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide), deliberately killing persons whose wishes are unknown or opposed to such treatment (active involuntary euthanasia), withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means from those who do not want them used (forgoing treatment of competent individuals), and letting persons die by withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means when their wishes are unknown or when they want, or would tolerate, such means to be applied or maintained (forgoing treatment of incompetent individuals)† (Dickens, 136). According to these legal parameters, it would seem that active and passive euthanasia should only occur when indicated by the patient, living will, or a surrogate, such as active voluntary euthanasia, an d the forgoing of treatment to competent individuals. These two forms provide the patient with the moral decision to adopt the institutional values of their choice and affect their course of longevity and suffering. In the cases of active involuntary euthanasia, and the withholding of treatment from incompetent patients it can be said that, morally, the physician has no right to change the course of the patient’s treatment without clearance from a living will or surrogate. To conduct active involuntary euthanasia, or withhold treatment for no apparent reason indicated by the patient or surrogate, negligence would necessarily apply and represent the justified fault of the attending physician. Dealing with death is a subjective experience that generates fear, and causes humans to seek comfort in institutional beliefs, whether that be family, religion, other forms of spirituality, or modern medicine itself. Death reminds humans of their biological capacities and fleeting opportunities for experience in life, and generates a desire to medicalize suicide. â€Å"We want physicians to provide the means to end life in an antiseptically acceptable fashion. Knives, guns, ropes, and bridges tend to be messy. We seek a more aesthetically pleasing way of terminating life, one that leaves the patient looking dead, but not disgusting. For this, as in so much else in the 20th-century quest for happiness, we turn to the physician† (Paris, 33). Much like we seek aesthetic modifications from plastic surgeons, and mental stability from psychologists, we turn again to professional doctors for a method of dealing with the harsh reality of death. Though euthanasia may be an acceptable option for some people in certain sets of dire circumstances, it is the fear of death generated by the triumphs of medicine that provide the illusion that death and suffering are something a physician can cure. Medicinal miracles and the rise of technological medicine give people the impression that old losses are new triumphs, at least insofar as one can be kept alive for longer with chronic diseases. This notion sparks the fear of suffering before death, and that morbidity will be extended instead of compressed. Essentially then, it is the physician who bears all weight of the laws pertaining to euthanasia, which seems unjust when there is little more that medicine can do for a terminally ill patient than aid in their peaceful departure from life. The argument that legalized euthanasia would initiate the slippery slope, and â€Å"hospitals would become cruel and dehumanized places† are refuted by the suggestion and observation of the exact opposite (Schafer). As Schafer suggests, â€Å"experience has shown that what happened was exactly the opposite of what was predicted by the naysayers: Doctors and hospitals have become kinder and gentler, patients’ wishes are better respected than previously and society has come to accept the importance of individual autonomy at the end of life† (3). Clearly, the legalization of euthanasia would not entirely disrupt the nature of medical care in Canada, and with current debates indicating the possibility of change, society may undergo a change of ideas in the near future. The idea that euthanasia may provide a patient with more dignity at death than what is often referred to as ‘sedation to unconsciousness’ is becoming more common, and should not be deemed unacceptable next to palliative care. With the right safeguards in place, euthanasia should be one of many life-ending options available to Canadians near the end of their life, with palliative care being a morally adjacent decision. The subjective experience of death is one’s own, and even familial institution can only do so much to comfort the process of being terminally ill. Therefore it should be a decision of the patient to seek medical help, either in the form of sedation and longevity, or immediate peace.

Zhongmin-MIT-Stanford-7days-editor-15561 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Zhongmin-MIT-Stanford-7days-editor-15561 - Essay Example Obviously, he was not progressing much in his career. Soon, I noticed that he avoided talking with me directly and was not paying attention when I conducted team meetings. I also learned that he was trying to communicate the project matters to my manager, bypassing my authority. Knowing it was my responsibility to resolve the matter, I took the initiative to have a dialog with him away from the formalities of the office. So I invited him for lunch and simply tried to establish a personal connection between us. He gradually opened up to talk about his family and his hobbies, which were real estate and stock investment, two subjects that I was also interested in. That set the tone for the rest of the meeting. Once I felt he had settled down and relaxed, I asked him why he was avoiding me and not reporting to me. To my surprise, he was straightforward and told me that he felt uncomfortable to work under me as I was much younger than him and that other colleagues told him that he was passed up for promotion. Knowing his military background, I said that the purpose of a business reporting structure was to improve efficiency and to ensure group direction rather than enforce a hierarchy of status. I told him, â€Å"Patrick, we came from different backgrounds and I do not necessarily know more than you do. The management wanted us to work together on this project as our skill sets are complementary. It does not mean I am superior in any way to you. Let’s be friends and enjoy working together on this project† The following weeks, he let me help him with many development assignments. I took special care by choosing my words cautiously to ensure that he was comfortable in taking my guidance. Slowly, we drew closer and he was no longer nervous in my presence. He was a fast learner and I credited him for his progress in front of the executive team. He was so overjoyed that he was beaming all through that week. I realize now, that it must have been a rare

International Business College Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Business College - Case Study Example With the help of the current value of the possible future cash flows, the market values for interest and foreign currency exchange risk are found out. However, the information according to the sensitivity analysis will not necessarily signify the real changes in fair value that IBM would face in case of normal market conditions as, due to practical confinements, all variables except for the particular market risk factor are held constant. Coca Cola Company makes the use of derivative financial instruments mostly to lessen their exposure to unfavorable fluctuations in the foreign currency exchange rates and in interest rates and commodity prices involved as market risks. The company does not go into derivative financial instruments in order to carry out trading. In fact, risk by hedging and primary economic exposure is reduced by all their derivative positions. Owing to the high connection between the underlying exposure and hedging instrument, reciprocal changes in the value of the underlying exposure is used to counterbalance fluctuations in the value of the instruments. Practically all of Coca Cola's derivatives are simple, over-the-counter instruments with liquid markets. If the firm has borrowed on a floating rate basis, at very reset date, the rate for the following period would be set in line with the market rate. The firm's future interest payments are therefore uncertain. An increase in rates will adversely affect the cash flows. Consider a firm, which wants to undertake a fixed investment project. Suppose it requires foreign currency financing and is forced to borrow on a floating rate basis. Since its cost of capital is uncertain, an additional element of risk is introduced in project appraisal. On the other hand, consider a firm, which has borrowed on a fixed rate basis to finance a fixed investment project. Subsequently inflation rate in the economy slows down and the market rate of interest declines. The cash flows from the project may decline as a result of the fall in the rate of inflation but the firm is logged into high cost borrowing. 2.1 IBM As compared to an increase of $18 million on December 31, 2005, there would be reduction in the fair market value of IBM's financial instruments of $113 million, which would be a result of a 10% reduction in the levels of interest rates on December 31, 2006, keeping all other variables constant. On the other hand, as compared to a reduction of $8 million at December 31, 2005, there would be a hike in the fair value of IBM's financial instruments of $96 million, which would be a result of a 10% increase in the levels of interest rates, keeping all other variables constant. Alterations in IBM's interest rate profile and amount and debt maturities have

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Security - Essay Example The network also makes it possible to share resources like printers and hard drives. This therefore reduces costs for of having to buy these resources. Proposed client-tier architecture The application architecture that I better and promises better security is that of 3-tier architecture. In this aspect the server will be installed in a data center with the server of the server program. Three-tier architecture has various layers with various functions. 3-tier architecture. The 3-tier client/server architecture was introduced to eradicate the problems that were associated with 2-tier architecture. With this architecture, a middleware lies between the server and the client. They are implemented in several ways, which include implementation as a message server, or application server or processing monitors. The functions of the middleware are queuing, execution of applications, staging of the databases, and prioritization for work in progress (Wegner, & Peter, 2007). This architecture im proves performance when the number of users is increased. It has the advantage of flexibility when compared to 2-tier architecture. One of the downsides of this architecture is the fact that the development is more complex than that of 2-tier applications. There are two types of 3-tier architectures 3-tier with message server In this type of 3-tier architecture, the messages are processed and prioritized asynchronously. This is done in such a way that the messages have a header which contains priority information, address and identification number. The message server provides a link to the relational database management system and other sources of data. Messaging systems are good alternatives to wireless infrastructures (Gorit, Dreoh, & Jeri, 2006). This architecture allows the main body of an application to run on a shared host instead on running on the his machine which is already overloaded due to its minimal resources (Rabaugh et al, 2001). The application server shares the sect ions of the business logic, computational and data retrieval engine. The good thing about this architecture is the fact that applications are scalable compared to 3-tier with message server. Furthermore, the installation costs are less on a single server compared to a situation where maintenance is done on each of the client machines. In the payroll program, the users will be configured so that they can access the server which is installed in a central location. The reason why I prefer this architecture is that one application program will be acquired and the rest will be in the server machine. It will be cheaper. The cost will be reduced in terms of purchasing the software that will be installed. This is because in this case one application software will be purchased which will be installed in the server. Given the many users who are going to use the program, it will mean that the applications would be bought for every user who will be required to use the payroll program. Another c ause for reduction of cost is that of maintenance. With this architecture, there will be maintenance of the server machine only. Maintaining one application is easier and cheaper in terms of expertise who will undertake the maintenance (Orfali, Dan, & Jeri, 2006). How to prevent interception There are mitigation strategies that are used to eradicate the risks that are associated with interception attacks. For spoofing and ARP poisoning, one way on which this can be mitigated is by using IP addresses which are static. Also the network administrator should make use of ARP

Russo-Japanese War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Russo-Japanese War - Essay Example an itself, the danger of foreign military intervention, a crisis in its traditional feudal society, the rise of commerce, and a disaffected peasantry led to an intense internal power struggle and finally to a revolutionary change in the country's society and a thoroughgoing modernization program, one that brought Japan the economic and military strength to resist foreign nations. The opposing forces in Japan's civil war were lined up between the supporters of the ruling Tokugawa family, which headed a rigid hierarchical feudal society, and the supporters of the emperor Meiji, whose court had been isolated from any significant government role. The civil war culminated in 1868 in the overthrow of the Tokugawa government and the restoration of the rule of the Emperor. The Meiji Restoration also brought new interest groups to the centre of political power and instigated a radical redirection of Japan's economic development. The nub of the changeover was the destruction of the traditional feudal social system and the building of a political, social, and economic framework conducive to capitalist industrialization. The new state actively participated in the turnabout by various forms of grants and guarantees to enterprising industrialists and by direct investment in basic industries such as railways, shipbuilding, communications, and machinery. The concentration of resources in the industrial sector was matched by social reforms that eliminated feudal restrictions, accelerated mass education, and encouraged acquisition of skills in the use of Western technology. The ensuing industrialized economy provided the means for Japan to hold its own in modern warfare and to withstand foreign economic competition. The leaders of the new government considered national security and... The war demonstrated the defensive strength of entrenched automatic weapons and the offensive power of indirect artillery fire. Russia, in losing every battle on land and sea, betrayed ominous military deficiencies; Japan, displaying the professionalism of its armed services, vaulted to great power status and destroyed forever the myth of Western invincibility.A victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. The defeat of Russia was met with shock both in the West and especially across Asia. That a non-Western country could defeat an established power in such a large military conflict was particularly inspiring to various anti-colonial independence movements around the world. Japanese historians think this war was a turning point of Japan and a key to understanding why Japan failed militarily and politically later. The acrimony that occurred in Japan's society went to every class and level, and shortly became the consensus within Japan that they had been treated as the defeated power during the peace conference. The world’s major powers, nevertheless, failed to heed the lesson of how modern technol-ogy had transformed land warfare into a deadly morass. Assimilating these lessons would be bought with blood and treasure only nine years later on the fields of World War I

God Orginial Food Plan Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

God Orginial Food Plan - Thesis Example imposed by the federal government in the United States obesity, food borne diseases and food contamination are not uncommon are often heard of in the United States. This study was undertaken to explore God’s original food plan and why human beings deviated from it. To evaluate God’s original food plan dietary laws under four major religions of the world were studied. While some religions permit animal meat restrictions on animal slaughter have been defined. However, all the religions believe in clean, hygienic, natural food and are against genetically engineered food as it amounts to interfering with nature’s (God’s) plan. Consumerism and materialism prompted the food manufacturers to seeker newer ways to lure consumers through offering enhanced nutritional value. This led to use of hormones in cattle, use of pesticides, dietary supplements and additives, in addition to genetic medications and hybrid systems in food production. In addition, long food suppl y chains resulted in food getting contaminated as residues of pesticides persisted. All of these led to increased toxicity and interference with nature’s plan. All the religious heads have expressed their resentment against such foods being supplied as it interferes with God’s original plan. They have insisted that genetically modified foods should be labeled which would enable consumers to take an informed decision. While the government did regulate the sector and framed laws, these laws and regulations were often politicized to suit the larger players in the sector. The study concludes that man has tried to interfere with nature’s bounty. Consumerism, desires and taste for newer varieties of food have taken man away from nature. The desire for more and more profits gave rise to unethical and immoral practices in the food industry where preferences was given to self-rewards and profits over concern for fellow human beings. Even children have not been spared. Th e study concludes by recommending how

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Security - Essay Example The network also makes it possible to share resources like printers and hard drives. This therefore reduces costs for of having to buy these resources. Proposed client-tier architecture The application architecture that I better and promises better security is that of 3-tier architecture. In this aspect the server will be installed in a data center with the server of the server program. Three-tier architecture has various layers with various functions. 3-tier architecture. The 3-tier client/server architecture was introduced to eradicate the problems that were associated with 2-tier architecture. With this architecture, a middleware lies between the server and the client. They are implemented in several ways, which include implementation as a message server, or application server or processing monitors. The functions of the middleware are queuing, execution of applications, staging of the databases, and prioritization for work in progress (Wegner, & Peter, 2007). This architecture im proves performance when the number of users is increased. It has the advantage of flexibility when compared to 2-tier architecture. One of the downsides of this architecture is the fact that the development is more complex than that of 2-tier applications. There are two types of 3-tier architectures 3-tier with message server In this type of 3-tier architecture, the messages are processed and prioritized asynchronously. This is done in such a way that the messages have a header which contains priority information, address and identification number. The message server provides a link to the relational database management system and other sources of data. Messaging systems are good alternatives to wireless infrastructures (Gorit, Dreoh, & Jeri, 2006). This architecture allows the main body of an application to run on a shared host instead on running on the his machine which is already overloaded due to its minimal resources (Rabaugh et al, 2001). The application server shares the sect ions of the business logic, computational and data retrieval engine. The good thing about this architecture is the fact that applications are scalable compared to 3-tier with message server. Furthermore, the installation costs are less on a single server compared to a situation where maintenance is done on each of the client machines. In the payroll program, the users will be configured so that they can access the server which is installed in a central location. The reason why I prefer this architecture is that one application program will be acquired and the rest will be in the server machine. It will be cheaper. The cost will be reduced in terms of purchasing the software that will be installed. This is because in this case one application software will be purchased which will be installed in the server. Given the many users who are going to use the program, it will mean that the applications would be bought for every user who will be required to use the payroll program. Another c ause for reduction of cost is that of maintenance. With this architecture, there will be maintenance of the server machine only. Maintaining one application is easier and cheaper in terms of expertise who will undertake the maintenance (Orfali, Dan, & Jeri, 2006). How to prevent interception There are mitigation strategies that are used to eradicate the risks that are associated with interception attacks. For spoofing and ARP poisoning, one way on which this can be mitigated is by using IP addresses which are static. Also the network administrator should make use of ARP

God Orginial Food Plan Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

God Orginial Food Plan - Thesis Example imposed by the federal government in the United States obesity, food borne diseases and food contamination are not uncommon are often heard of in the United States. This study was undertaken to explore God’s original food plan and why human beings deviated from it. To evaluate God’s original food plan dietary laws under four major religions of the world were studied. While some religions permit animal meat restrictions on animal slaughter have been defined. However, all the religions believe in clean, hygienic, natural food and are against genetically engineered food as it amounts to interfering with nature’s (God’s) plan. Consumerism and materialism prompted the food manufacturers to seeker newer ways to lure consumers through offering enhanced nutritional value. This led to use of hormones in cattle, use of pesticides, dietary supplements and additives, in addition to genetic medications and hybrid systems in food production. In addition, long food suppl y chains resulted in food getting contaminated as residues of pesticides persisted. All of these led to increased toxicity and interference with nature’s plan. All the religious heads have expressed their resentment against such foods being supplied as it interferes with God’s original plan. They have insisted that genetically modified foods should be labeled which would enable consumers to take an informed decision. While the government did regulate the sector and framed laws, these laws and regulations were often politicized to suit the larger players in the sector. The study concludes that man has tried to interfere with nature’s bounty. Consumerism, desires and taste for newer varieties of food have taken man away from nature. The desire for more and more profits gave rise to unethical and immoral practices in the food industry where preferences was given to self-rewards and profits over concern for fellow human beings. Even children have not been spared. Th e study concludes by recommending how

Economic Cycle From 1984 To 1986 Essay Example for Free

Economic Cycle From 1984 To 1986 Essay We can first define economic cycles as the reoccurrence of the expansion or contraction of a countries economy. We still have to look at the view of Wesley Mitchell who is the most famous in the research on economic cycles. He defined business cycle as; Business cycles are a type of fluctuation found in the aggregate economic activity of nations that organize their work mainly in business enterprises; a cycle consists of expansions occurring at about the same time in many economic activities, followed by similarly general recessions, contractions, and revivals which merge into the expansion phase of the next cycle; this sequence of changes is recurrent but not periodic; in duration business cycles vary from more than one year to ten or twelve years; they are not divisible into shorter cycles of similar character with amplitudes approximately their own. (Burns and Mitchell, 1946, p. 3) In this paper, we would be looking at the economic cycle of the U. S economy between 1984 to 986. Nevertheless, before going into the economic cycle that existed from 1984 to 1986, it is clear that in our present time the economy of now pulls the same trends with that of the 1980s. The present fiscal states bears the same tends too, with the borrowing made by government to come down following the substantial years of borrowing. The PSBR declined and surpluses were reached as the 1980s progressed. Surpluses were projected to continue on the grounds of unchanged policies. __________________ 1. Bruce T. Grimm, Alternative Measures of U. S. Economic Activity in Business Cycles and Business Cycle Dating, BEA Working Papers 0024, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2005. Nevertheless, this was not the same in the early 1990s, as public finances had deteriorated markedly with the deficit reaching 7 per cent of GDP in 1993-94. Not withstanding we have to look at the topic on board and discuss on the cycles of 1984-1986. ECONOMIC CYCLE IN 1984 The economy of the United State rocketed at a fast pace for nearly two decades as the wallets of consumers went fat and it was all about shopping spree . This was all about the recession of the 1980s with specification to the year 1984. The increased pace of growth did not only reflect on the mode of shopping but on the spending done on business. From 1984 to 1986, there was a rapid increase in employment. The increase was so rapid that many analysts to term the United States economy as the American job machine. However, as the rate of employment increased, many still did not benefit from the expansion. Among the less educated young men, unemployment rose and the rate of labor force participating decreased. Though there were enough jobs, many still argued the quality and measurement of the American job in terms of wage, benefits, and job security was decreasing. There was a decrease in high paying jobs in the manufacturing sector and there were more of low paying jobs. There was a growth in part-time and temporary jobs and the less skilled workers were like an erosion of job quality. By the early part of 1984, America experienced the new period of sustained growth since World War II. The tax cut made by government increased the rate of spending done by consumers. ______________________ 2. Burns, Arthur, and Mitchell, Wesley. Measuring Business Cycles. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research. (1946). GNP increased at an annual rate of 4. 2 percent except for the decline in 1986 to fewer than 2 percent. This was the lowest in the decade. The rate of inflation was between three to five percent and the economy produced 13 million jobs. ECONOMIC CYCLE 1985 The economy of the United States continued in an upward trend from 1984 to 1986. This continued in 1985 though in a slow trend in the early year. Nevertheless, as the economic growth continued due to healthy growth and the demand for goods and services, the domestic production suffered because most goods available where imports. The second half of the year was also accompanied with steady growth that lead to the expectation of a continued growth into 1986. Now, looking into the economy in 1985, it was noticed that the first half of the year had a sluggish growth. The GNP of the last half of 1984 rose by 3 percent but that of the first half of 1985 was rose only by 1%. The worsening of the export sector and the decline in inventory investment in first half largely offset a moderately strong increase in the purchase of domestic product goods and services. These included government purchases, business fixed investment, consumption expenditures and residential constructions. Most of the strength in purchases where provided by U. S households. This is due to the strong growth in consumption and the increase in spending done on residential projects. By the second half of the year in 1985, the economic growth has quickened with a 4. 3 percent rise in the GNP at third quarter. The domestic final purchase increased more than that of the first half and the was a decline the rate of export. Because of the sharp _____________________ 3. Balke, Nathan S Gordon, Robert J. The Estimation of Prewar Gross National Product: Methodology and New Evidence. February 1989. Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 97(1), pages 38-92. rundown in the domestic stocks for automobile, inventory investment, decline more than that of the first half. The government’s purchases of goods and services in the third quarter were also a sharp contributor to the purchase of domestic final products. The rise in government purchase was because of the increased use of Commodity Credit Corporation Loans by farmers and large increase in defense purchases. Residential fixed investment also increased and while nonresidential fixed investments declined. Expenditures done on personal consumption products increased strongly in third quarter of 1985. The economic growth pace in 1985 was a steady one and it was about 2. 5 percent. This was lower than that of 1984. The growth in domestic purchase increase because of the demand for personal consumption was high. Resource use and Inflation In 1985, the growth in output was not strong enough to reduce the underuse of resources. The rate of unemployment for the civilians fell from 7. 2 percent to 7 percent in November. Manufacturing employment declined and the payroll for nonfarm jobs increased moderately. The rate of capacity utilization in industries, which was another measure of resources use declined at about one percent point. This reflected the greater slack present in the industrial sector than in the social economy. The inflation rate was checked by the slack in the economy this was combined with the strong dollar prices on import and imports competing goods. There was a moderate in increase in the rate of labor cost and the favorable performance for food and energy prices contributed to the level of inflation in 1985. The broadest general price index _____________________ 4. Cacy, J. A. , Glenn, H. M. , and Dan, H. H. â€Å"Economic Review: The U. S. Economy in 1985 and 1986†. December 1985. increased by 3. 75 percent annual rate over the first three quarters of 1985. the price of finished goods sold at wholesale rose by 1. 5 percent in November. This was higher in than that of 1984. The prices of food product declined significantly and there was a slight drop in energy prices. In summary, the year 1985 saw moderate U. S. demand growth being changed to a sluggish out put growth. This was because of the worsening rate of export and inventory investment. The sluggish output growth kept a large amount of resource idle. The total slack experienced in the economy, the direct influence of strong dollar, the weak food prices, and the weak energy prices restrained the rate of price inflation.

7-Eleven Underpayment Scams

7-Eleven Underpayment Scams Introduction Human lives are directed by course of actions and decisions. Whether its personal life or professional conduct, humans are bound to follow proper code of ethics. In workplace, each organisation has guided rules and practices. Employers are bound to these rules and regulations in order for any organizations to work smoothly (Schermerhorn, 2010). Sometimes the morality of business decision is challenged due to individual preference or limitations. This scenario is called an ethical dilemma whereby individuals are forced to weigh the right and wrong of their actions (Westerholm, Nilstun, Ovretveit, 2004). This essay examines impact of ethical practices and leadership in taking business decision. The organisation that is used for ethical study is 7-Eleven convenient stores in Australia. It discusses how organisations commit fraud and mock award system by underpaying staff. The Ethical Problem The shocking revelation by ABCs Four Corners in August 2015 exposed exploitations at 7-Eleven stores gives an insight on how big corporations make profit without paying legit wages. A joint Fairfax Media-ABC investigation exposed that most of these exploited staff are international students who are forced to work long hours even after their visa condition restricts them to work only 40 hours per fortnight (Ferguson, Danckert Hatch, 2015). These students are easy targets for franchise operators as they are looking for extra money to manage their expenses. It shows that entire work structure at 7-Eleven is flawed and franchisees make profit by underpaying their staff is a common practice in most stores. The head office claims that most of the franchise stores are paying legit wages and the underpayment were done by a marginal store partners. This blame game has raised a debate that who is sole responsible for this scam; the head office authority or the franchise owner. According to head office, the payrolls are monitored by franchisees and company merely provides administrative supervision. They claim that underpayment issue has nothing to do with the franchise profit sharing model and only a small number of franchisees are doing this wrong practice. But similar malpractice in multiple stores reveal that this is an organised fraud. The franchisees are trained to run their stores in a particular manner to make profits and more than dilemma it is a thoughtful unethical practice. 7-Elevens survival on employee exploitation The Fair Work Ombudsman has conducted various raids at different stores and revealed that situation has worsen over the years. The entire work structure at 7-Eleven is flawed and franchisees make profit only by underpaying their staff who are international students and work limitless hours to make up for underpayment. The reason behind students breaching visa conditions is to manage their expenses because they are underpaid and only means to recover that loss is by working extra hours. The head office is not just turning a blind eye, its a fundamental part of their business. The reality is its built on something not much different from slavery, 7-eleven insider (Ferguson, Danckert, Hatch, 2015). It is evident that these scam happens under the watch of head office management. They cannot blame the franchisees alone for this malpractice. Unscrupulous employers allow students to work more hours but threaten to report them to authorities for breaching their visa if they complain about working conditions. Employers sheets and rosters are doctored to maintain the scam (Ferguson, Danckert, Toft, 2015). Companies can easily monitor the payrolls across the stores by surprise visits and take legal actions against frauds. Following the investigations, 7-Eleven Australian office has marginalized the issue by suggesting that there are only small numbers of Franchisees who are culprit of underpaying and head office will ask them to pay penalties. The 7-Eleven chief executive Warren Wilmot said: The key factor here is that the panel will receive, review, and process any claim of underpayment, and authorise repayment where this is appropriate, The practices continuous in other forms underpayment, employees are still asked to back-pay part of their wages. Theoretical Framework The given ethical dilemma is a conflict between moral and business ethics. Loucks (1987) suggests that ethics is seen as something beyond obedience and adherence to the law. It implies an understanding of what is the good, or right, thing to do and of an internal system of beliefs and values that guide those actions. Solomon (2001 cited in Singer, 2013) argues that there is some confusion in defining exactly what constitutes ethical behaviour in an organisation. The given ethical condition poses an important questions about personal honesty and organised fraud. The virtue of honesty is crucial for personal and business ethics. The choice of practising underpayments can be explained by two ethical theories; Utilitarian perspective and Subjectivism. The Utilitarian theory holds that what an individual ought to do is to promote the maximum good for everyone i.e. the general good (Wong, 2006). The maximum good for everyone should be assessed by being neutral and thinking from multiple perspective. On the contrary, Rachel (2001 cited in Singer, 2013) states that ethical subjectivism is a theory which says that in making moral judgements, people are doing nothing more than expressing their personal desires or feelings. The 7-Eleven scam is more about personal choices of the franchisee. They are legally entitled to pay fair wages but for their personal gains they malpractice. From franchisees perspective, it is assumed that the operational structure of the store asset management doesnt make enough profits and thats one of the reasons for underpayment. Another important factor that governs this malpractice is known as Agency Theory. The theory explains that business owners and managers emphasize more on maximizing profit as they believe it as business rule (Eisenhardt, 1989). The market trend tells the morality of the practices that what is right or beneficial for business. The moral choice is sometimes explained in terms of the influence of external factors, such as the environment or influence of others. All of these may bias judgment and action by shaping a decision makers perceptions (Morell, 2004). The franchisee believe that they are just following the ideal business model that will help them in managing operational funds by underpaying staff. In business ethical dilemma, there must be prominent line between personal choices and business needs. It is important to understand that personal choices are subjective and may affect other employees of the business. Therefore while taking business decision, a leader must abide by the corporate codes of conduct. As suggested by Thakor (2003), the dividing line between law and ethics is a constantly moving one. What is legal but unethical today may well become illegal tomorrow. It is essential in this case to reflect on the stakeholders view of ethics. It criticises the agency argument that business operators must constitute their leadership that look after and protects the interest of employees. The debate between moral values and business ethics in case of dilemma is mostly resolved by Utilitarian theory. However it is also necessary to understand that business situations can change how a professional takes decision based on personal choice and corporate needs. The franchisee may imply agency argument to protect their interest but from utilitarian perspective this directly affects the interest of the employees. The core issue is the leadership that has completely failed in case of 7-Eleven scam. Firstly, head office should have eradicated this malpractice at initial level. Secondly they need to develop a business structure that promotes mutual benefits and not just agency approach. Critical Analysis The underpayment by multinational companies is just the tip of the iceberg. We need to understand the factors that contribute to these foul practices. Profit Sharing model that restricts franchisees to manage operational expenses. International students who are eager to work extra hours to manage their funds. The lack of regulators responsibilities in creating awareness and monitoring the operations. The new Chief Executive of 7-Eleven Mr Michael Smith, who replaced Mr Withers in October 2015, said the company was making significant progress towards satisfactory remediation and prevention of wage abuse (Gartrell, 2016). The issue is now facing worse where many franchise stores are out for sales because franchisees believe that they do not have enough resources to pay running cost if they pay fair wages. This will also increase unemployment as a contributing factor. According to Ferguson, The regulator also needs to be better resourced and the government needs to give amnesty for a period to foreign workers to come forward and expose what is going on without the fear of being deported for breaching their visa conditions (Barraclough, 2015). The remedial option is to change the profit sharing model or head office sharing some per cent of the running cost that enables franchisees to operate store efficiently without underpaying staff. The cause of the issues is the operational model that needs a revision under the governance of regulators who can strictly monitor the fair practices at these franchise stores. From ethical point, franchisees need to understand the core business needs and personal interest. One critical aspect of this malpractice at huge level is the influence of franchisee network. The new franchisees learn from the existing practices of the old franchisees and thus this malpractice becomes their routine. Business model for Ethical practice 7-Eleven franchise model is unique in terms of how it shares the profit margin and it varies in different countries. In Australia, this model is unfair for franchise partner where head office takes 57 percent of the gross profit and franchisees are left with 43 percent to manage their expenses and overheads. The deficit is mostly paid by franchisees and they are left with only one options and thats underpayment and back-pay wages. The revelation has put all franchise stores under surveillance resulting in many store out for sales in past 1 year. The issue is pertained due to 7-Eleven Australian model that doesnt allow franchisees to make profit in that 43 percent profit share. The situation can only be resolved if head office shares 50-50 profit margin like other countries. It will allow franchisees to manage their overheads and pay fair wages to the staff. Another aspect of this malpractice was the discrimination in hiring the staff. Franchisees mainly hire international students from India, Pakistan, China and other Asian countries because they are willing to work at less pay. It also raise questions about the head office responsibilities as they didnt check the staff profiling or merit of recruitment. Most of these international students have trouble with English language and are less competent to work any other job. They are ideal fit for the 7-Eleven scam model because they are unaware about their work rights and hesitant to contact authorities for assistance. The ethical safeguarding of these employees is an integral part of store operations. Ideally, the head office should conduct induction training that includes work rights awareness. Leadership and Decision Making Such organised scams unveil how these big corporation make profits by exploiting their staff specifically vulnerable groups. The investigations also reveals how franchisee seek alternate payment methods to avoid taxes and super-annuations. The company claims that they do not have direct involvement in these practice but insiders reveal that it all happens under their watch. Companies need to monitor the working hours and payroll records to scrutinize frauds. Even though after such investigations company do take responsibilities and commit to help the victims. Such situations should be monitored from start and strict measures should be taken on head office part. The payback is not a solution to such huge scale scams that steals tax by doctoring the payrolls. Therefore it is necessary that organisation have a defined ethical policy for business dilemma cases. It will help the decision makers to think rationally but will also remind them about the corporate good. Partiality or personal preference will bring subjectivism in the decision making process. Hechter Kanazawa (1997) maintain that reservations about rational choice only arise where people misunderstand its application. The rational decision from an organisational perspective and individual perspective will differ depending upon the number of external factors influencing the decision. These ethical systems are normative in nature that means they imply the right or wrong factors but do not completely involve rational choice from multiple perspectives. They do tell us about what ought to be done and it helps in takin decision but it doesnt provide clarity of argument, basis for decision and personal stand on the dilemma. The company leaders need to be more specific about their operat ional plans and communicate the same values to the franchisees. It should be a wake-up call to make sure their house is in order. The world is changing and the community is becoming less tolerant of non-compliance to the law (Ferguson, 2015). The underpayment scam is not an issue that can be rectified by paybacks. The entire model of franchise stores needs to be reviewed considering Australian market stakeholders. This will allow fair share of profit to franchisees and will restrict them from ripping wages from the staff. The remedy needs to be planned in terms of reviewing head office responsibilities in cross checking payrolls and fair works. Strict actions should be taken against culprits to avoid further victimization of international students. Recommendations The investigations has only revealed one side of the scam. There is a need to review head offices responsibilities in auditing these franchised stores. Temporary paybacks will not solve the evident fact that the entire 7-Eleven model is flawed for Australian market. Franchisees will keep finding such malpractice until they get fair share from the profit. This not only affect the employees but also damages the brand in the market. This is just the tip of the iceberg and there are many other companies who are in line for malpractice. This issue can only be settled with strong ethical framework that shares rights for franchisees and employees by maintaining transparency and accountability. The world is changing and the community is becoming less tolerant of legislative non-compliance. There is strong need to modify the Franchising agreement for transparency and compliance. These are some of the majors that companies can implement; Develop code of conduct to immediately terminate a franchise agreement if there is serious breach of workplace legislations by a franchisee. Develop an auditing model that shares equal responsibilities between company and franchisees to monitor the operations Take severe disciplinary actions against employees complaint and investigate based on evidence Monitor recruitment process and diversity of employees to ensure minorities or vulnerable groups are not victimized The company must hire independent investors and mystery shoppers to identify culprit franchisee for noncompliance. Company must develop forum to share store practices and employees feedback that are anonymous and directly under the higher management The franchisees can develop union and workout a model that supports equal benefit for multi-stakeholders The companies need to ask whether underpayment is an act of being strategic in organizing businesses. This will decide the approach for business operations and compliance. Underpayment should never be considered as an options for managing expenses. Instead, business operators must generate revenue from other sources. It is not ethical operate a business that makes profit by sacrificing the employees interest. Even after accepting their mistake, company operator must redevelop their operational framework to ensure that such incidents does not happen in future. This can only be achieved by strong compliance and transparent auditing. Conclusion The exploitation still exist at other franchise chains like McDonalds, Pizza hut who operates on the somewhat similar franchise model like 7-Eleven. The scandal uncovered that such exploitations are common practice and mostly organized at management level. Underpayments not only affects the business but it also destroys the brand reputation in global market. It also brings bad name for the country considering that most of the staff are international students who work in stores to manage their expenses. Without remedial process this exploitation will become part of work policies and there will be no one answerable for wrong-doings. Although, this revelation has opened a Pandora box for other business operators but until there is a strong compliance legislation, such scams will continue. The Fair work Ombudsman and government has tough task in eliminating such organised frauds and support workforce. Such scams forces business operators to assess their business ethics policies against the impact they create for multiple stakeholders. If business operators follow ethical leadership then they will have better control over compliance and mutual benefits for the business. The operational model can be modified to increase the stakeholders share and it will eventually help both parties to take ownership. References       Barraclough, C. (2015). Calls for action after the Inconvenient Truth about 7-Eleven is revealed Procurement and Supply Australasia. Procurement and Supply Australasia. Retrieved 31 January 2017, from http://procurementandsupply.com/2015/09/calls-for-action-after-the-inconvenient-truth-about-7-eleven-is-revealed/ Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of management review, 14(1), 57-74. Ferguson, A. (2015). 7-Eleven wage abuse scandal has lessons for all directors ACAPMAg The voice of downstream petroleum. ACAPMAg The voice of downstream petroleum. Retrieved 30 January 2017, from http://acapmag.com.au/home/2015/10/7-eleven-wage-abuse-scandal-has-lessons-for-all-directors/ Ferguson, A., Danckert, S., Hatch, P. (2015). 7-Eleven scandal: Company announces review of pay practices. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 31 January 2017, from http://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/7eleven-scandal-company-announces-review-of-pay-practices-20150831-gjbof4.html Ferguson, A., Danckert, S., Toft, K. (2015). 7-Eleven: A sweatshop on every corner. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 January 2017, from http://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/7eleven-a-sweatshop-on-every-corner-20150827-gj8vzn.html Gartrell, A. (2016). Malcolm Turnbulls financial stake in 7-Eleven under scrutiny. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 January 2017, from http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/malcolm-turnbulls-financial-stake-in-7eleven-under-scrutiny-20160204-gmlikw.html Hechter, M., Kanazawa, S. (1997). Sociological rational choice theory. Annual review of sociology, 23(1), 191-214. Loucks, V.R. (1987) A CEO looks at ethics. Business Horizons, March-April, 2-5 Morrell, K. (2004). Decision making and business ethics: the implications of using image theory in preference to rational choice. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(3), 239-252. Schermerhorn Jr, J. R. (2010). Management. John Wiley Sons. Singer, P. (Ed.). (2013). A companion to ethics. John Wiley Sons. Thakor, A. (2003) Competence without credibility wont win in the long run. in N. Tichy and A. McGill (Eds.) The Ethical Challenge (2005) San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp. 125-134. Westerholm, P., Nilstun, T., Ovretveit, J. (2004). Practical Ethics in Occupational Health. Abingdon: Radcliffe Publishing. Wong, P. W. H. (2006). A study of business ethical practices in Australian organisations: a multiple case study. Theses, 47.